Efectividad del uso de la entrevista motivacional en la consulta de nutrición sobre el riesgo cardiometabólico de pacientes con trastorno bipolar / Effectiveness of the motivational interviewing on cardiometabolic indicators of patients with bipolar disorder

Resumen El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar la efectividad de la entrevista motivacional en la consulta de nutrición sobre indicadores de riesgo cardiometabólico en pacientes con trastorno bipolar. Se realizó un estudio experimental en que el grupo control recibió orientación nutricional basada en planes de alimentación y el grupo de intervención recibió consulta nutricional incorporando los principios y habilidades de la entrevista motivacional. Los participantes fueron seguidos por tres meses y se realizaron evaluaciones de hábitos alimenticios, actividad física, riesgo cardiometabólico, composición corporal y calidad de vida. El grupo de entrevista motivacional redujo el consumo de carnes (B=-0.45, p=0.032) y embutidos (B=-0.60, p=0.002). Asimismo, la presión arterial diastólica (B=-6.97, p=0.029) y glucemia (B=-9.27, p=0.097) de estos pacientes tendieron a disminuir. La entrevista motivacional promueve cambios que pueden hacer una diferencia clínica; aun en reducidos periodos de tiempo. Los nutriólogos capacitados para su implementación disponen de una herramienta adicional para el manejo de comorbilidad cardiometabólica en población vulnerable.

Abstract The purpose of this work was to assess the effectiveness of the motivational interviewing in the nutrition consultation on indicators of cardiometabolic risk in patients with bipolar disorder. An experimental study was conducted in which the control group receives nutritional guidance based on feeding plans and the intervention group received nutritional consultation incorporating the principles and skills of the motivational interviewing. Participants were followed by three months and evaluations of eating habits, physical activity, cardiometabolic risk, body composition and quality of life were carried out. The motivational interviewing group reduced the consumption of meats (B=-0.45, p=0.032) and sausages (B=-0.60, p=0.002). Likewise, the diastolic blood pressure (B=-6.97, p=0.029) and glycemia (B=-9.27, p=0.097) of these patients tended to decrease. Motivational interviewing promotes changes that can make a clinical difference, even in short periods of time. Nutritionists trained for its implementation have an additional tool for the management of cardiometabolic comorbidity in a vulnerable population.

Hábitos alimentarios asociados a la emergencia sanitaria Covid-19 en adultos chilenos / Eating habits associated with the Covid-19 health emergency in Chilean adults

Introducción. El brote de COVID-19 generó cambios significativos en los hábitos alimentarios asociados a las medidas de confinamiento y distanciamiento social. Objetivo. Evaluar los hábitos alimentarios asociados a la emergencia sanitaria COVID-19 en adultos chilenos durante el año 2020. Materiales y Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en adultos chilenos seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se utilizó una encuesta validada por juicio de expertos, que incluyó preguntas sobre características sociodemográficas, ingesta habitual de alimentos y percepción de cambios de hábitos alimentarios durante el confinamiento. Resultados. Participaron 4.346 adultos chilenos con una edad promedio de 35,8 ± 13,9 años, predominantemente residentes urbanos (94,3%) y mujeres (75,1%). Se observó un aumento en el abastecimiento de alimentos en los hogares durante el confinamiento. La mayoría de los participantes manifestó que mantuvo o aumentó el consumo de verduras, frutas, lácteos, pescado y legumbres. Sin embargo, la ingesta de alimentos saludables no alcanzó las recomendaciones nutricionales establecidas. Adicionalmente, se encontró un aumento en el consumo de dulces. Conclusiones. Este estudio revela los efectos del confinamiento por la pandemia de COVID-19 en los hábitos alimentarios de los adultos chilenos, donde un porcentaje considerable de la población no cumplió con las recomendaciones de una dieta equilibrada según las guías alimentarias chilenas. El aumento en el consumo de algunos alimentos poco saludables puede tener implicaciones en la salud y el estado nutricional. Es necesario fomentar una alimentación equilibrada durante situaciones de crisis como esta pandemia(AU)

Introduction. The COVID-19 outbreak has led to significant changes in dietary habits due to confinement and social distancing measures. Objective. To assess the dietary habits associated with the COVID-19 health emergency among Chilean adults during the year 2020. Materials and methods. An observational, descriptive, and cross- sectional study was conducted on Chilean adults selected through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. A survey validated by expert judgment was used, including questions on sociodemographic characteristics, usual food intake, and perceived changes in dietary habits during confinement. Results. A total of 4,346 Chilean adults participated in the study, with an average age of 35.8 ± 13.9 years, predominantly urban residents (94.3%), and female (75.1%). An increase in household food supplies during confinement was observed. Most participants reported maintaining or increasing their consumption of vegetables, fruits, dairy, fish, and legumes. However, the intake of healthy foods did not meet the established nutritional recommendations. Additionally, there was an increase in the consumption of sweets. Conclusions. This study reveals the effects of COVID-19 confinement on the dietary habits of Chilean adults, where a considerable percentage of the population did not comply with the recommended balanced diet according to Chilean dietary guidelines. The increased consumption of some unhealthy foods may have implications for health and nutritional status. It is essential to promote balanced eating during crisis situations like this pandemic(AU)

Weight cycling among Indonesian college students in West Java province during the COVID-19 pandemic

@#Introduction: Changes in our bodies can cause several problems, particularly for students who are concerned about maintaining an ideal body shape. Many of them try to diet, but their body returns to its previous weight or even increases in weight. Thus, this study aimed to determine the factors that influence the incidence of weight cycling in Indonesian students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional study used purposive sampling to collect data. Three hundred college students from West Java province, Indonesia, participated. Weight cycling was the dependent variable and the independent variables were physical activity, sex, and weight management. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors influencing the incidence of weight cycling. Results: Sex, physical activity, skipping meals, and snacking were determinants related to weight cycling incidence. Females had a 0.7 times higher risk of experiencing weight cycling than males. Inactive students were 4.7 times more likely to become weight cyclers, and those who rarely skipped mealtime had lower risk of being weight cyclers. Students who sometimes and always consumed snacks had higher risk of becoming weight cyclers by 3.3 and 2.7 times, respectively, compared to those who rarely consumed snacks. Conclusion: Regular physical activity, not skipping meals, especially breakfast, and practising a healthy diet every day are recommended strategies to avoid weight cycling during a pandemic.

Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among University Students in Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia

@#Introduction: Metabolic syndrome has become a worry for health of youth in Malaysia. This study aimed to look at the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and to assess the risk factors of metabolic syndrome among Malaysian university students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 248 students aged 18-30 years using a random sampling method from two universities in Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia. Data on sociodemographic, dietary habits and lifestyle were collected by a pre-tested self-reported questionnaire. Biochemical measurements, blood pressure, and anthropometric measurements were measured by standard procedures. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to Harmonized Joint Interim Statement criteria. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS 23.0 version. Results: The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 12.5% and was more prevalent in male (17.5%). Indian (15.8%) was the most prevalent ethnic group, while Chinese (4.9%) had the least prevalence. 31.5% respondents had at least one metabolic component. Low HDL (42.7%) and large waist circumference (26.2%) were the most common components. Statistically significant (p<0.05) independent factors for developing metabolic syndrome were male, staying time more than six hours on computer/TV/mobile phone, in smokers, taking meals more than three times per day, and high consumption of soft drinks. Besides that, with high consumption of vegetables, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly low (p<0.05). Conclusion: These study findings elicit the evidence of increasing tendency and warning on metabolic syndrome for Malaysian university students, and considerable association of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome to dietary habits and lifestyle.

Investigation and analysis of daily diet and living habits of Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To investigate the daily diet and living habits of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients, and to explore the influencing factors of HT.Methods:The patients admitted to the Thyroid Surgery Clinic of Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University from March to December 2021 were selected as the investigation subjects and were divided into observation group (106 patients with HT) and control group (63 healthy people). Questionnaire was used to collect the information of daily diet and living habits of the two groups, and physical examination was used to collect the information of height and weight. The levels of serum thyroid function indicators thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT 3) and free thyroxin (FT 4) were tested by automatic chemiluminescence immunoassay, and the comparison and analysis were conducted between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of HT. Results:The results of univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in sex ratio and serum TSH levels between the two groups ( P < 0.05); the proportion of people in observation group who slept for less than 6 hours per day, frequently looked at their mobile phones, ate fried food ≥1 time per week, and ate meat ≥1 kg per week was higher than that in control group; however, the proportion of people in observation group who drank tea ≥1 time per week, smoked ≥1 time per week, had a salty daily taste, ate nuts ≥1 time per week, and ate vegetables ≥1 kg per week was lower than that in control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that female, slept duration < 6 hours/day, weekly meat consumption ≥1 kg, and elevated serum TSH levels were risk factors for the onset of HT [odds ratios ( OR) = 3.37, 4.11, 2.48, 1.14, and 95% confidence intervals ( CI): 1.08 - 10.55, 1.46 - 11.59, 1.00 - 6.51, 1.00 - 1.30]; eating ≥1 kg of vegetables per week was a protective factor for the onset of HT ( OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.17 - 0.79). Conclusion:Female, poor diet and lifestyle habits are risk factors for the onset of HT.

Breast Cancer Is Significantly Associated with Cancers in The First- and Second-Degree Relatives in Ethnic Mizo-Mongoloid Population, Northeast India

Background: High incidence of breast cancer among the endogamous Mizo-Mongoloid tribe stresses the need to explore the disease pertaining to the family history as well as other risk factors. This study in-vestigates the association of risk factors and inherited diseases with breast cancer.Methodology: The study includes 426 unrelated breast cancer cases and 810 healthy controls of female Mizo ethnicity. Association between reproductive history, lifestyle/ dietary habits, tobacco and alcohol exposures, family history in relation to cancer and inheritable diseases was assessed by univariate lo-gistic regression using Chi-square tests and multivariate analyses using Cox regression. Results: Age at diagnosis was highest between 41 to 50 years. Consumption of fermented pork fat, smoked food and Smoke-less tobacco, lower intake of vegetables/ water, having a first/ or second de-gree relative with cancers and inheritable diseases were found to be the major risk factors. Certain known factors were also acting as confounding factors. Conclusions: The present study reveals that Mizo women with first- and second-degree relatives of breast cancer, various other cancers and inheritable diseases have increased risk of breast cancer. This study also highlights the importance of analysing genetic factors which can aid in early detection of in-herited risk factors.

Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status among Preschool Children: An Observational Study at Bagalkot

Background: Knowing what eating habits are associated with a child's development can lead to better long-term health outcomes and improve dietary design interventions. We aimed to identify eating habits associated with the nutritional status of children between 3-6 years living in Chilapur Village of Bagalkot District. Methods: Dietary habits of preschool children were assessed with the aid of a structured score scale in an interview of mothers and fathers of preschool children. Anthropometric measurements like weight, height and mid-arm circumference have been taken to decide the nutritional status of preschool kids with help of Z rating received via WHO Anthro software. Results: Findings of the study reveals that 68% of preschool children had moderate dietary habits and 28% of them had poor eating habits and 4% of them had good eating habits. Nutritional Status assessed through anthropometric measurements shows that 39% of preschool children had moderate nutritional status according to their weight for age (?-2 to +2 Score), 51% of preschool children had moderate nutritional status according to their height for age (?-2 to +2 Score), and 48% of pre-school children had moderate nutritional status according to their Weight for height (?-2 to +2 z score). A significant association was found between Dietary habits and Weight for age (?2 =8.69, p<0.05), Weight for height (?2 =9.12, p<0.05). A significant association was found between dietary habits and Family monthly income (?2=10.58, p<0.05). Conclusion: Nutritional status of children aged between 3�years is of great health concern in India. A better nutritional diversity and meals variety and dietary styles characterized by intake of protein and calorie-rich diet seem beneficial for the growth of younger kids.

Asociación entre comportamientos de riesgo y sobrepeso en adolescentes: análisis de clases latentes / Association between risk behaviors and overweight in adolescents: a latent classes analysis / Associação entre comportamentosde risco e excesso de peso em adolescentes: análise de classes latentes

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir la agregación de comportamientos del estilo de vida en adolescentes brasileños e identificar la asociación de estas agregaciones con el exceso de peso. Se ha utilizado información sobre el consumo alimentario, tiempo frente a la televisión y práctica de actividad física de una muestra compuesta por 14141 adolescentes, de ambos sexos, con edades entre 11 y 17 años, procedente de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar (2015), que fueron divididos en tres clases: físicamente activos (FA), comportamiento de riesgo (CR) e inactivos físicamente con alimentación saludable (IA). Los resultados mostraron que las niñas y adolescentes mayores tienen menos probabilidades de desarrollar exceso de peso en comparación con los niños y adolescentes más jóvenes, así como los sujetos pertenecientes a la clase CR, que tienen menos probabilidades de presentar exceso de peso, mientras que los adolescentes de clase IA tienen más probabilidades en comparación con la FA. Se puede concluir que la adopción de hábitos saludables parece ejercer una influencia importante en cuanto al resultado de sobrepeso, ya que, no obstante, la adopción de alimentación "no saludable" es prevalente en la clase CR, los niveles de actividad física se asemejan a la clase FA, que puede mitigar los efectos de los comportamientos negativos relacionados con la alimentación.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the cluster of lifestyle behaviors among Brazilian adolescents and to identify the association of these clusters with overweight. Information related to food consumption, TV time and physical activity were used, from a sample of 14141 adolescents of both sexes, aged between 11 and 17 years, from the National School Health Survey (2015), who were split into three classes: physically active (FA), risky behavior (CR), and physically inactive with healthy eating (AI). Results showed that girls and older adolescents have less chances to be overweight when compared to boys and younger adolescents, respectively. Moreover, subjects classified as CR have less chances of being overweight, whereas those classified as AI are more prone to be overweight compared to those belonging to FA class. We conclude that the adoption of healthy habits seems to be of relevance in the expression of overweight, because although the high prevalence of "unhealthy" diet among subjects from the CR class, their physical activity levels are similar to their peers from the FA class, which may mitigate the impacts unhealthy behaviors associated with food consumption.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a agregação de comportamentos de estilo de vida em adolescentes brasileiros e identificar a associação dessas agregações com o excesso de peso. Informações sobre consumo alimentar, tempo em frente à televisão e prática de atividade física de uma amostra composta por 14141 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 11 e 17 anos, da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (2015), que foram divididos em três classes: fisicamente ativo (AF), comportamento de risco (CR) e fisicamente inativo com alimentação saudável (IA). Os resultados mostraram que meninas e adolescentes mais velhos são menos propensos a desenvolver excesso de peso em comparação com crianças e adolescentes mais novos, assim como os sujeitos pertencentes à classe CR, que são menos propensos ao excesso de peso, enquanto os adolescentes da classe IA são mais propensos em relação aos AF. Pode-se concluir que a adoção de hábitos saudáveis parece ter influência importante no resultado do excesso de peso, pois, no entanto, a adoção de dietas "não saudáveis" é prevalente na classe CR, os níveis de atividade física são semelhantes aos da classe AF, o que pode atenuar os efeitos de comportamentos negativos relacionados à alimentação.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes: subcentro de salud general Vernaza Canton Salitre, 2020 / Cardiovascular risk factors in patients: Subcenter of general health vernaza canton Salitre, 2020

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son las principales causas de muerte a nivel mundial, cada año mueren más personas por esta enfermedad que por otra causa. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes: Subcentro de salud General Vernaza cantón Salitre. Materiales y métodos: Fue de enfoque cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo, no experimental y transversal, la población (N=200) pacientes, la muestra de 120 pacientes de 40 a 65 años de edad con problemas cardiovasculares, el instrumento fue una encuesta validada por juicio de expertos en salud. Resultados: Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más predominantes fueron el estrés (34,2%) y el sedentarismo (16,7%); consumen cigarrillo (48,3%); consumen alcohol (45,8%), se alimentan 3 veces al día los alimentos cotidianos (71,7%); no cuidan sus porciones alimenticias (39,2%); el nivel de colesterol más frecuente entre 100 y 129 mg/dL (38,3%), no evitan alimentos fritos empanizados y cremosos(55,8%); no realizan ejercicio físico (36,7%); el estado nutricional normal abarcó un (68,3%), se sirven sus alimentos cotidianos en casa (72,5%); consumen muy frecuente carnes y pescados (80%), huevos y lácteos (70,8%), frutas y verduras (50,8%), grasas (65,8%), alcohol y café (65%), horas sentados viendo TV, móvil o portátil (54,2%) de 4 a 8 horas; condición regular para realizar actividad física (38,3%), tiempo máximo de realizar ejercicio 10 a 30 minutos (40,8%), en un solo día a la semana (65%). Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en pacientes fueron el estrés y sedentarismo, convirtiéndose en un problema de salud pública afectando el presupuesto familiar, hospitalario y del estado(AU)

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide More people die each year from this disease than from any other cause. Objective:Determine the risk factors cardiovascular disease in patients: General Vernaza Health Subcenter Salitre canton. Materials and methods:Focus was quantitative, observational, descriptive, non-experimental and cross-sectional, the population (N=200) patients, the sample of 120 patients from 40 to 65 years of age with cardiovascular problems, the instrument was a survey validated by the judgment of health experts. Results:The cardiovascular risk factors more predominant were stress (34.2%) and sedentary lifestyle (16.7%); smoke cigarettes (48.3%); consume alcohol (45.8%), they eat daily food 3 times a day (71.7%); they don't watch their portions food (39.2%); the most frequent cholesterol level between 100 and 129 mg/dL (38.3%), they do not avoid food breaded and creamy fried foods (55.8%); do not perform physical exercise (36.7%); normal nutritional status encompassed one (68.3%), they serve their daily meals at home (72.5%); eat meatand fish very often (80%), eggs and dairy products (70.8%), fruits and vegetables (50.8%), fats (65.8%), alcohol and coffee (65%), hours sitting watching TV, mobile or laptop (54.2%) from 4 to 8 hours; regular condition for physical activity (38.3%), maximum time to exercise 10 to 30 minutes (40.8%), on a single day a week (65%). Conclusions:The cardiovascular risk factors in patients were stress and sedentary lifestyle, becoming in a public health problem affecting higher family, hospital and state out-of-pocket costs(AU)

Effects of lifestyle changes on body weight and metabolic parameters during the early stage of COVID-19 epidemic and regular epidemic prevention period in physical examination population / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To analyze the influence of lifestyle changes on body weight and metabolic parameters during the early stage of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic and regular epidemic prevention period in physical examination population.Methods:A total of 801 subjects from Nanjing enterprises and institutions who underwent physical examination in the Department of Health Promotion Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University in May of 2019 to 2021 were included in this study. The basic information and data of body mass index, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride and uric acid were collected. Information about dietary and exercise habits was obtained through pre-examination questionnaires. The data of 2019 was set as baseline data, data of 2020 represented information during the early stage of COVID-19 epidemic and data of 2021 represented information in regular epidemic prevention period. The subjects were divided into underweight group, normal weight group, overweight group, and obese group according to the body mass index at baseline. The Friedman test was applied to compare changes in body mass index and metabolic parameters across the population. Chi-square test was used to compare changes in dietary and exercise habits. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was adopted to explore the influencing factors of body mass index changes.Results:During the early stage of COVID-19 epidemic, the proportion of weight gain was the highest in the underweight group (42.9%), the proportion of weight loss was the highest in the overweight group (24.2%), and the obese group has the most stable body weight (70.6%) ( P=0.004). Men ( OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.36-0.87) were less likely to gain weight than women ( P=0.010). There was no significant differences in weight change among all groups in the regular epidemic prevention period ( P=0.380). During the early stage of COVID-19 epidemic, the levels of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol and LDL-C were significantly lower than those of baseline [4.98 (4.66, 5.42) vs 5.23 (4.91, 5.66) mmol/L, 4.98 (4.36, 5.67) vs 5.11 (4.54, 5.77) mmol/L, 2.90 (2.45, 3.33) vs 3.23 (2.77, 3.74) mmol/L], and the uric acid level was higher [333.0 (275.5, 397.0) vs 311.0 (257.5, 368.0) μmol/L] (all P<0.001). In regular epidemic prevention period, the levels of body mass index, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol and LDL-C were significantly higher than those in the early stage of the epidemic [24.0 (21.9, 26.3) vs 23.8 (21.7, 26.1) kg/m 2, 5.18 (4.85, 5.62) vs 4.98 (4.66, 5.42) mmol/L, 5.12 (4.42, 5.76) vs 4.98 (4.36, 5.67) mmol/L, 3.06 (2.59, 3.57) vs 2.90 (2.45, 3.33) mmol/L], while the uric acid was significantly lower [319.0 (265.0, 377.0) vs 333.0 (275.5, 397.0) μmol/L] (all P<0.001). During the early stage of the epidemic, the reduction proportion of unhealthy diet in the home group was significantly higher than that in the outing group (19.5% vs 11.4%), and the increment proportion of exercise in the outing group was significantly higher than that in the home group (5.1% vs 1.6%) (both P<0.05). In regular epidemic prevention period, the increase rate of unhealthy diet in the home group was significantly higher than that in the outing group (26.8% vs 13.0%) ( P<0.001), and there was no significant difference in exercise between the two groups ( P=0.325). During the early stage of COVID-19 epidemic and in the regular epidemic prevention period, unhealthy diet>3 times per week ( OR=3.85, 3.01, 95% CI: 1.74-8.51, 1.41-6.39) was positively correlated with weight gain, and regular exercise ( OR=4.35, 2.61, 95% CI: 2.05-9.23, 1.15-5.91) was positively correlated with weight loss (all P<0.05). Conclusions:During the early stage of COVID-19 epidemic and in the regular epidemic prevention period, the lifestyle in the physical examination population has an impact on body weight and metabolic indicators. In the early stage of the epidemic, unhealthy diet and exercise decreased, and metabolic indicators such as blood glucose and lipids decreased. People with low body weight tend to gain weight. In the regular epidemic prevention period, the subjects′ exercise increased but unhealthy diet also increased, and blood glucose, lipid and body weight elevated significantly.

Hábitos alimentarios en estudiantes universitarios de la Región de Bío-Bío, Chile, 2017 / Eating habits in university students of the Bío-Bío Region, Chile, 2017

Resumen Antecedentes: las conductas poco saludables, como baja actividad física, ayuno prolongado, con sumo de alimentos de alta densidad energética y baja ingesta de frutas y verduras repercuten en la salud. Objetivo: conocer los hábitos alimentarios de estudiantes del Campus San Andrés de la Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Región del Bío-Bío, Chile. Materiales y métodos: se aplicó la encuesta dicotómica "¿Es tu alimentación saludable?" en 350 estudiantes. Resulta dos: el 75 % de los encuestados tenía una alimentación no saludable o poco saludable, con mayor prevalencia en el rango etario entre 17-20 años (78 %). Se destaca el bajo consumo de frutas (<20 %), verduras (42 %) y agua (46 %), junto con una baja prevalencia de conductas saludables/responsables, como evitar alimentos azucarados (36 %) o embutidos (38 %) y revisar los etiquetados nutriciona les (37 %). Los hombres presentaron mayor consumo de pan, carnes blancas y agua (p<0,05), mientras que las mujeres declararon en mayor porcentaje evitar embutidos, revisar los etique tados nutricionales (p<0,01), preferir alimentos azucarados y comer de forma adecuada (p<0,05). Conclusiones: los estudiantes universitarios encuestados presentan hábitos alimentarios poco salu dables, asociados principalmente a bajo consumo de frutas y verduras.

Abstract Background: Unhealthy behaviors such as low physical activity, prolonged fasting, consumption of energy-dense foods and low consumption of fruits and vegetables have repercussions on health. Objective: To understand the dietary habits of students from the San Andres campus of the Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, in the Bío-Bío region of Chile. Materials and Methods: The dichotomous survey, "Is your diet healthy?" was applied to 350 students. Results: The survey revealed that 75% of the students had an unhealthy diet, with a greater prevalence in those between 17-20 years of age (78%). It also demonstrated a low consumption of fruits (<20%), vegetables (42%) and water (46%), together with a low prevalence of healthy/responsible behaviors like avoiding sugary foods (36%), avoiding processed meats (38%), and reading nutrition labels (37%). Men reported a greater consumption of bread, white meats, and water (p<0,05), while women reported the greatest percentages of avoiding processed meats, read ing nutrition labels (p<0,01), and preferred sugary foods and eating properly (p<0,05). Conclusion: The surveyed university students presented poor dietary habits, primarily associated with low consumption of fruits and vegetables.

Padrões de consumo alimentar em crianças menores de dois anos no Brasil: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 / Food consumption patterns in children under two years of age in Brazil: National Health Survey, 2013

Resumo Objetivou-se identificar os padrões de consumo alimentar e os fatores associados em crianças menores de dois anos no Brasil. Estudo transversal, de base populacional, utilizando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde realizada em 2013. O consumo alimentar foi mensurado por questões dicotômicas, listando os alimentos, considerando apenas o dia anterior à entrevista. Os padrões foram identificados por meio de análise de componentes principais. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson para obtenção de razão de prevalência bruta e ajustada. Considerou-se o efeito de delineamento amostral nas análises que foram estratificadas de acordo com a idade. Dentre as 5.052 crianças, foram identificados três padrões, sendo denominados como: "padrão de consumo de alimentos saudáveis", "padrão de consumo de leites" e "padrão de consumo de alimentos não saudáveis". Observou-se associação entre os padrões em cada faixa etária, principalmente com cor da pele, sexo, escolaridade do chefe da família, zona de residência e região. Um quarto das crianças de 12 a 23 meses ingeriu refrigerantes, mais de um terço sucos artificiais e quase metade doces no dia anterior à entrevista. Foram identificados três padrões alimentares, além de observar introdução alimentar precoce em crianças menores de seis meses de idade.

Abstract The scope of this paper was to identify patterns of food consumption and associated factors among children under two years of age in Brazil. It involved a cross-sectional, population-based study using data from the National Health Survey conducted in 2013. Food consumption was measured by dichotomous questions, listing the food ingested solely on the day prior to the interview. The patterns were identified through principal component analysis. Poisson regression was used to obtain a crude and adjusted prevalence ratio. The sample design effect was considered in the analyses that were stratified according to age. Among the 5,052 children, three patterns were identified, being defined as: a "healthy food consumption pattern," a "milk consumption pattern" and an "unhealthy food consumption pattern." There was an association between the patterns in each age group, mainly related to skin color, gender, schooling of the head of the family, area of residence and region. A quarter of the children from 12 to 23 months consumed soft drinks, more than a third drank artificial juices and almost half ate candies the day before the interview. Three dietary patterns were identified, besides observing early food ingestion among children under six months of age.

Dietary habits and nutritional knowledge of selected Philippine National Combat Athletes: A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES@#The study aims to assess the dietary habits and nutritional knowledge of selected Philippine national combat sports athletes and determine the correlation of demographics and sources of nutrition information with participants' dietary habits and nutrition knowledge. @*METHODS@#This cross-sectional study included assessing boxing and taekwondo Philippine national athletes using the Dietary Habits and Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire: Filipino Version. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics between sports comparison and exploratory correlation and regression analyses. Alpha was set at 0.05.@*RESULTS@#A total of 44 participants aged 21+ 3.4 years were able to participate in the study. Responses revealed that 69.44% have fair dietary habits and 73.54% have good nutritional knowledge. Results indicated no significant difference between the two sports in dietary habits and nutritional knowledge (p>0.05). Further analyses revealed that years in playing (r= 0.32, p= 0.04), and sources of nutrition information, precisely strength and conditioning coach (r= 0.36, p= 0.02), and peers (r= 0.39, p= 0.01) have a significant correlation with good dietary habit and nutritional knowledge, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#Overall, Filipino national athletes of boxing and taekwondo have fair dietary habits and sound nutritional knowledge. Furthermore, nutritional knowledge sources are possible relevant factors that may affect the dietary habits and nutritional knowledge of combat sports athletes.

The willingness for dietary and behavioral changes in frontline epidemic prevention workers after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19 in China: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND@#The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has had a massive impact on public health, resulting in sudden dietary and behavioral habit changes. Frontline epidemic prevention workers play a pivotal role against COVID-19. They must face high-risk infection conditions, insufficient anti-epidemic material supplies, mental pressure, and so on. COVID-19 seriously affects their dietary and behavioral habits, and poor habits make them more susceptible to COVID-19. However, their baseline dietary and behavioral habits before COVID-19 and their willingness to change these habits after the outbreak of COVID-19 remain unclear for these workers in China. This study aimed to explore the baseline dietary and behavioral habits of frontline workers and their willingness to change these habits after the outbreak of the epidemic; in addition, susceptible subgroups were identified by stratified analyses as targets of protective measures to keep them from being infected with COVID-19.@*METHODS@#A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online questionnaire using a sample of 22,459 valid individuals living in China, including 9402 frontline epidemic prevention workers.@*RESULTS@#Before COVID-19, 23.9% of the frontline epidemic prevention workers reported a high-salt diet, 46.9% of them reported a high frequency of fried foods intake, and 50.9% of them smoked cigarettes. After the outbreak of COVID-19, 34.6% of them expressed a willingness to reduce salt intake, and 43.7% of them wanted to reduce the frequency of pickled vegetables intake. A total of 37.9% of them expressed a willingness to decrease or quit smoking, and 44.5% of them wanted to increase sleep duration. Significant differences in the baseline dietary and behavioral habits and the willingness to change their habits were observed between frontline epidemic prevention workers and other participants. Among the frontline epidemic prevention workers with poor dietary and behavioral habits before COVID-19, frontline epidemic prevention experience was a promoting factor for adopting worse dietary and behavioral habits, including those in the high-salt intake subgroup (OR, 2.824; 95% CI, 2.341-3.405) and the 11-20 cigarettes/day subgroup (OR, 2.067; 95% CI, 1.359-3.143).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The dietary and behavioral habits of frontline epidemic prevention workers were worse than that those of other participants before COVID-19. They had a greater willingness to adopt healthy dietary and behavioral habits after experiencing the outbreak of COVID-19. However, frontline epidemic prevention workers with poor dietary and behavioral habits before COVID-19 continued in engage in these poor habits. Dietary and behavioral intervention policies should be drafted to protect their health, especially frontline epidemic prevention workers with poor habits at baseline.

Consumo de frutas y vegetales en la población urbana costarricense: Resultados del Estudio Latino Americano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS)-Costa Rica / Fruits and vegetables intake among Costa Rican urban population: results from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health: ELANS-Costa Rica

Resumen: Introducción: El consumo suficiente de frutas y vegetales ha sido ampliamente asociado con diversos beneficios para la salud, entre ellos, el actuar como factor protector contra el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, cáncer y enfermedades mentales. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda un consumo diario de 400 gramos entre frutas y vegetales. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo la caracterización del consumo de frutas y vegetales, según variables sociodemográficas en la población costarricense y el cumplimiento de la recomendación de la OMS. Metodología: Los datos se obtuvieron del Estudio Latino Americano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS)-Costa Rica. Se reclutaron 798 sujetos de 15 a 65 años, residentes en zonas urbanas del país, y se evaluó el consumo de alimentos mediante dos recordatorios de 24 horas. El consumo de frutas y vegetales se analizó según el sexo, el grupo de edad y el nivel socioeconómico. Resultados: Se encontró un consumo promedio de frutas y vegetales de 220g/d/p; el cual incrementó con la edad (p=0.035 entre el grupo de 15 a 19 años y el grupo de 50 a 65 años) y con el nivel socioeconómico (p=0.004 entre el NSE bajo y medio). Sin asociación con el sexo y al nivel educativo (p>0.05). Solamente el 12.0 % de la población urbana costarricense cumple con la recomendación de la OMS. Conclusiones: Los datos obtenidos ponen en evidencia la necesidad de la implementación de programas e intervenciones adaptados a las características y preferencias de la población costarricense para la promoción del aumento en el consumo de frutas y vegetales. Es necesario extender estos estudios a la población rural de Costa Rica, pues el consumo y los factores asociados a este, podría ser diferente entre regiones.

Abstract: Introduction: Consumption of fruit and vegetables has been widely associated with different health benefits such as protection against non-transmissible chronic diseases, cancer and mental disorders. Due to these benefits, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends daily consumption of 400 grams of fruit and vegetables. This study is aimed at characterize fruit and vegetable consumption according to socioeconomic variables, among the Costa Rican population and the degree to which this meets the WHO recommended intake. Methods: Data were obtained from the Latin American Nutrition and Health Study (ELANS)-Costa Rica. 798 subjects aged 15-65 years, living in urban areas were interviewed and their food consumption assessed by two 24-hour Recalls. Fruit and vegetable consumption were analyzed by gender, age group and socioeconomic status. Results: Average daily consumption of fruit and vegetables was 220g/p/d and increased with age (p=0.035 between with 15-19 and 50-65 years old) and socioeconomic status (p=0.004 between low and middle). No association was found with gender or education level (p>0.05). Only 12.0 % of the urban Costa Rican population met the WHO recommendation. Conclusions: The results provide evidence for the need for programs and interventions adapted to the characteristics and preferences of the Costa Rican population, to promote an increase of the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Similar studies are needed in the rural areas of Costa Rica as food habits and factors associated with them may differ

Association of nutritional status with dietary and behavioural patterns among adolescents

Background: Changing trends in dietary habits, behavioral patterns, and prevalence of overweight/obesity among adolescents is of great concern.Methods: 6469 school children from five districts of Kerala, India were enrolled. Dietary habits and behavioral patterns were collected using a pretested questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were recorded and compared with regional Indian Academy Pediatrics (IAP) reference charts. Data was computed and analyzed.  Results: Mean age: Boys 14.51±0.93, Girls 14.42±1.04 years. Male: Female ratio 0.92:1. Practices like missing breakfast, non-compliance to weekly Iron Folic Acid supplementation and not taking exercise >2 hours/week were more in girls. Increased consumption of junk food, screen time >2 hours/week and not sharing life events with parents were more in boys. Mean anthropometric parameters were <50th percentile of reference charts. 6.1% had low BMI (boys, 4.2% vs. girls,7.6%,), 12.3% were overweight (boys, 14.9% vs. girls,10.2%) and 4.4% had obesity (boys, 4.7% vs. girls, 4.2%). Mean anthropometric parameters were higher in more urbanized districts.  Daily consumption of junk food showed significant association with obesity and exercise >2 hours/week with normal BMI.Conclusions: Dietary and behavioral patterns and prevalence of overweight/obesity showed variability with respect to gender and region of residence. 12% were overweight and 4% had obesity. Daily consumption of junk food showed significant association with overweight/obesity and daily exercise >2 hours/week with normal BMI. Health education addressing behavioral change is recommended for better health.

Una mirada hacia la inseguridad alimentaria sudamericana / An overview of South American food insecurity

Resumen El presente estudio pretende explorar el estado de Inseguridad Alimentaria (IA) en cada país perteneciente a la comunidad sudamericana. Para ello y considerando que es un problema vigente y de carácter multifactorial, se analizaron sus cuatro pilares: disponibilidad, acceso, estabilidad y utilización de alimentos. Como resultado, se observa que la mala utilización de alimentos, es la causa más propensa a causar IA en la comunidad sudamericana, no obstante, la indisponibilidad e inaccesibilidad hacia los alimentos, causa gran preocupación en ciertos estados de la subregión. El origen más probable es la baja promoción de buenos hábitos alimenticios, además de políticas erradas que impiden la correcta producción y/o motivación de los campesinos a seguir ejerciendo sus actividades en el agro. Este problema debe ser mitigado lo antes posible, ya que, aunque empieza por no tener el dinero y/o los hábitos alimenticios necesarios, termina con graves problemas de salud hacia los pobladores. Consideramos importante fortalecer políticas para erradicar la IA sudamericana, iniciando con el apoyo hacia la producción de alimentos, para finalizar con intervenciones nutricionales que permitan mejorar los hábitos alimenticios de los habitantes.

Abstract The scope of this study is to examine the status of Food Insecurity (FI) in each country included in the South American community. To achieve this and considering that it is a current and multifactorial problem, its four pillars were analyzed: food availability, access, stability and use. As a result, it is observed that the misuse of food is the most likely cause of FI in the South American community, however, the lack of availability and inaccessibility of food causes great concern in certain states of the subregion. The most probable origin is the inadequate promotion of good eating habits, in addition to misguided policies that hinder the correct production and/or motivation of the peasants to continue carrying out their activities in agriculture. This problem needs to be addressed as soon as possible as, although it originates in not having the money and/or the necessary nutritional habits, it leads to serious health problems for the inhabitants. The consensus reached is that it is important to enhance policies to eradicate FI in South America, starting with support for food production, and following that up with nutritional interventions that improve the dietary habits of the inhabitants.

Maternal and sociodemographic factors influence the consumption of ultraprocessed and minimally-processed foods in pregnant women / Fatores maternos e sociodemográficos influenciam o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e minimamente processados em gestantes

Abstract Objective To analyze the consumption of minimally-processed and ultraprocessed foods in relation with sociodemographic variables, maternal habits, educational activity received during prenatal care and clinical history. Methods A cross-sectional, analytical and descriptive study with 1,035 pregnant women who lives in the municipalities of the metropolitan region of Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil (RMGV-ES), and who were hospitalized in establishments of the Unified Health System (SUS) due to childbirth (April-September 2010). The food frequency questionnaire, pregnant woman's card and information from the medical records of the health facility unit were analyzed. The Chi-square test and the binary logistic regression model were used to investigate the association between the independent variables and the consumption of ultraprocessed foods. Results It was identified that pregnant women ≤ 19 years of agewere 2.9 timesmore likely to consume ultraprocessed foods (confidence interval [CI] 95% 1.683-5.168, p< 0.001), while those ≥ 35 years old were less likely to consume them (odds ratio [OR] 0.265, 95% CI 0.105-0.666, p= 0.005). Maternal smoking increased the odds of consumption of ultraprocessed foods by 2.2 times (95% CI 1.202-4.199, p= 0.011) and pregnant womenwho did not obtain information on healthy food during prenatal care presented 54.1% less chances of consuming minimally-processed foods (OR 0.459, 95% CI 0.307-0.687, p< 0.001). Conclusion Smoking during the gestational period and being a teenager are factors that influence the consumption of ultraprocessed foods of pregnant women. Race/ color, head of household, age group, receiving of information about feeding in the prenatal period and not having smoked in gestation determined the consumption of minimally-processed foods.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar o consumo de alimentos minimamente processados e ultraprocessados e a sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas, hábitos maternos, atividade educacional recebida durante o pré-natal e histórico clínico. Métodos Estudo transversal, analítico e descritivo com 1.035 gestantes que moram nos municípios da Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil (RMGV-ES), e que foram internadas em estabelecimentos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) devido ao parto (abril-setembro de 2010). Foramanalisados o questionário de frequência alimentar, o cartão da gestante e as informações dos prontuários da unidade de saúde.Oteste do Quiquadrado e o modelo de regressão logística binária foram utilizados para investigar a associação entre as variáveis independentes e o hábito alimentar. Resultados Identificou-se que as gestantes com idade ≤ 19 anos tinham 2,9 vezes mais chances de consumirem alimentos ultraprocessados (intervalo de confiança [IC] 95% 1,683-5,168; p < 0,001), enquanto aquelas com ≥ 35 anos tinham menos chances de consumí-los (razão de chances [RC] 0,265; IC 95% 0,105-0,666; p = 0,005). O tabagismo materno aumentou as chances de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados em 2,2 vezes (IC95% 1,202-4,199; p = 0,011) e as gestantes que não receberam orientações sobre alimentação saudável durante o pré-natal apresentaram 54,1%menos chances de consumiremalimentos minimamente processados (RC 0,459; IC95% 0,307-0,687; p < 0,001). Conclusão Fumar durante o período gestacional e ser adolescente são fatores que influenciam o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados em gestantes. Raça/cor, chefe da família, faixa etária, recebimento de informações sobre alimentação no pré-natal e não fumar na gestação determinaram o consumo de minimamente processados.

Association of Weight Misperception with Unhealthy Diet-related Behaviors among University of the Philippines Manila Undergraduate Students

Objectives@#The study aims to determine whether there is an association of perceived weight status with unhealthy diet practices. @*Method@#An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted among 625 adult undergraduate students from U.P. Manila. The survey included questions regarding sociodemographic status, habits related to diet and weight management, and perceived body mass index (BMI). Actual BMI were obtained and calculated from actual anthropomorphic measurements. @*Results@#In the population surveyed, it was seen that 53.28% of the students accurately perceived their BMI status, 26.08% overestimated their BMI status, while 17.28% underestimated their BMI status. It was also seen that over-estimating of BMI status is more associated with unhealthy diet practices. Those who over estimated their BMI were 1.95 times more likely to skip meals (p=0.001) and 1.56 times more likely to engage in cutting of food (p=0.034). Physical activity was also seen to be associated with these practices. @* Conclusion@#Over-estimation of BMI may be linked to unrealistic goals in weight loss resulting in unhealthier diet-related habits.

La alimentación en estudiantes del primer ciclo de la carrera de medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina / Eating habits of medical students of the National University of Rosario, Argentina

Con el objetivo de indagar sobre los hábitos alimentarios de los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), y compararlos con las Guías Alimentarias para la Población Argentina se llevó a cabo un estudio cuali-cuantitativo, descriptivo, observacional y transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta y un recordatorio de 24 horas. La muestra quedó conformada por 140 alumnos. El consumo de alimentos declarado mostró que el 70% había consumido leche o yogur, el 56,4% frutas, el 79,3% verduras, el 75,7% carnes, el 62,1% cereales, el 20% huevos y el 25% fiambres. El 46,4% declaró haber utilizado azúcar y el 20% edulcorante. El 81,4% expresó haber consumido panificados blancos y sólo el 15,7% integrales. Los vegetales y el edulcorante fueron más consumidos por las mujeres y las carnes y los panificados blancos por los hombres. Respecto del hábito de desayunar fue importante el número de estudiantes que cumplió la recomendación de las Guías. El número de ingestas diarias recomendado (mínimo 4) lo cumplió el 77%. Sólo el 12,8% declaró consumir frutas y verduras tal como es recomendado (5 porciones al día). Respecto de los panificados, esta muestra no cumple la recomendación de seleccionar granos integrales.

The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary habits of the students at the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences of the National University of Rosario (UNR), and to compare them with the Dietary Guidelines for the Argentinian population. We carried out a quantitative, descriptive, observational cross-sectional study using a 24- hour dietary recall questionnaire. The sample was made up of 140 students. The declared food consumption showed that 70% consumed milk or yogurt, 56.4% fruits, 79.3% vegetables, 75.7% meats, 62.1% cereals, 20% eggs and 25% cold cuts. Sugar consumption was reported by 46.4% of the students, and use of artificial sweeteners by 20% of them. Most students (81.4%) consumed white bread and only 15.7% whole wheat. While vegetables and sweeteners were more consumed by women, meat and white bread were more consumed by men. Many students met the recommendation for breakfast consumption. The recommended number of daily meals (minimum 4) was met by 77%. Only 12.8% reported eating fruits and vegetables as recommended (5 servings a day). Regarding breads, this sample does not meet the recommendation of selecting whole grains.